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Meningitis – Definition, Causes, Symptoms and Treatment

July 19th, 2011
Juliet Cohen asked:




Meningitis is an inflammation of the leptomeninges and underlying subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Meningitis is the inflammation of the protective membranes covering the central nervous system, known collectively as the meninges. Meningitis is a disease involving inflammation, or irritation, of the meninges. Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that spread into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Many of the bacteria or viruses that can cause meningitis are fairly common and are more often associated with other everyday illnesses. Sometimes, however, they spread to the meninges from an infection in another part of the body. The meninges are composed of three layers of membranes enclosing the brain and spinal cord. Pia mater is the innermost layer. It is akin to a tissue paper that closely adheres to the brain and spinal cord, dipping into the various folds and crevices. Arachnoid mater is the middle layer. It is a filmy membrane that is joined to the pia mater by fine threads resembling a cobweb.

Dura mater, a parchment-like membrane, lies on the outermost part of the meninges and adheres to the skull and spinal canal. The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is the fluid that circulates in the spaces in and around the brain and spinal cord. In the past, most meningitis cases occurred in children younger than 5 years. But as a result of the protection offered by current childhood vaccines, most meningitis cases now occur in young people between the ages of 15 and 24. Older also tend to have a higher incidence of meningitis than do young children. Bacterial meningitis is less common than viral meningitis but is usually much more serious and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Many different types of bacteria can cause meningitis: Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes are the most common causes of meningitis in newborns. It’s also possible to get viral meningitis as a complication of chickenpox, but this is also very rare in healthy kids.

Meningococcal meningitis is endemic in parts of Africa, India, and other developing nations. Bacterial meningitis is contagious, which means it can be passed to someone else by spit or snot. Symptoms in infants under 12 months include high fever, fretfulness, irritability – particularly when handled, difficulty awakening, drowsiness, difficulty feeding, and/or a stiff neck, or bulging fontanelle. Meningitis also can lead to skin rashes, although rashes caused by bacterial meningitis look different from those caused by viral meningitis. Immunosuppressed patients are at increased risk of opportunistic infections and acute bacterial meningitis. Immunosuppressed patients may not show dramatic signs of fever or meningeal inflammation. Complications of bacterial meningitis may require specific treatment. Rest, fluids, and good nutrition, as well as measures to control fever and relieve pain, will ease discomfort and aid in recovery from viral meningitis. Drugs such as dexamethasone ( a steroid, different from the steroids abused by bodybuilders, that can reduce swelling of the brain) are sometimes given to reduce inflammation or to reduce the chance, or spread, of septicemia.

Treatment for Meningitis Tips

1. Acute bacterial meningitis requires prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics to ensure recovery and reduce the risk of complications.

2. Pneumovax (also known as Prevenar) against Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended for all people 65 years of age or older.

3. Drugs such as dexamethasone are sometimes given to reduce inflammation or to reduce the chance, or spread, of septicemia.

4. Antifungals to combat the infection are usually administered, as well as fluids and medicine to control pain and fever.



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Urine Testing for Cocaine

July 11th, 2011
Drug Alcohol Test asked:




A Cocaine drug test is the method or the technique used to know the presence of cocaine in the body. The testing is done by examining various specimen of the human body like the urine, hair, saliva and even sweat.

Types of cocaine Drug Testing: The different types of testing and quantifying of the cocaine content in the human body are

Hair Testing: Hair testing is one of the effective ways of testing for the cocaine content in the human body over a long period of time. Whenever any substance enters the human body, it deposits a residue in the hair shaft, which will show its presence till the hair is cut.

Blood Testing: This is one of the expensive testing for the detection of the cocaine in the human body. This may involve a four to six day program, which may involve us to go for a special diet, regulated fluids and a final detoxifying solution.

Saliva Drug Testing: This method is a short-term procedure which can detect the drugs which are been use recently.

Urine Drug Testing: The analysis of urine is most common and inexpensive method of testing for the presence of cocaine in the human body.

Urine Testing for the Cocaine Detection: Urine testing is mostly preferred when compared to other types of tests for detecting the presence of cocaine in the human body. This is mainly because of the following factors:

· These tests are considered to be the most inexpensive tests.

· These are intrusive methods of testing.

· This test can be done at home.

Cocaine (COC) Dip strip Drug Urine Test: This test is a very simple test for detecting the cocaine content in the human body by testing the urine sample. The qualitative detection of the cocaine content is done with the benzoyelecgonine as the metabolites in the urine sample. The cutoff for the test is 300 ng/ml.

Procedure for the test:

1. Remove the test strip from its foil pouch.

2. Holding the strip vertically, carefully dip it into the specimen. Do not immerse the strip past the maximum line

3. Interpret test results at 3 to 5 minutes.

The result of the test can be interpreted by the colour bands that are visible after the test. If two colour bands are observed then the result is negative where as if only one band is visible then the tests are giving a positive result.

Detection Periods and the factors influencing the tests: The detection of the cocaine content in the human body depends upon various factors. They are

· The amount that is been taken and also the frequency of the usage.

· The metabolic rate also influences the outcome of the tests.

· The body mass also may influence the results of the tests.

· The age of the person who is undergoing the test has the influence on the tests.

· The drug tolerance levels also may vary between person to person and this variation in the tolerance will have the effect.

Detection Period: It takes approximately six to eight hours for detecting the presence of the cocaine in the urine sample. Whatever may be the effects of the above factors, the ideal time period for the clearing of benzoyelecgonine is three to five days so the urine sample collected should be not older than three days.

Urine tests for detecting of the cocaine content is certainly the most cost effective and a simple method for testing. These urine tests have made it easier for detecting the cocaine content in the body, as there are even some methods for doing the tests at the home.



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